CSE224 / C++ Lab
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EXPT 1 - Classes & Objects
Write a program that uses a class where the member functions are defined inside a class.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Define the class
class Calculator {
public:
// Member function to add two numbers
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
// Member function to subtract two numbers
int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
// Member function to multiply two numbers
int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
}
// Member function to divide two numbers
double divide(int a, int b) {
if (b != 0) {
return static_cast<double>(a) / b;
} else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
};
int main() {
Calculator calc;
// Get input from the user
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
// Perform operations
cout << "Addition: " << calc.add(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Subtraction: " << calc.subtract(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Multiplication: " << calc.multiply(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Division: " << calc.divide(num1, num2) << endl;
return 0;
}EXPT 2 - Classes & Objects
Write a program that uses a class where the member functions are defined outside a class.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Define the class
class Calculator {
public:
// Member functions declared inside the class
int add(int a, int b);
int subtract(int a, int b);
int multiply(int a, int b);
double divide(int a, int b);
};
// Define the member functions outside the class
int Calculator::add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int Calculator::subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
int Calculator::multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b;
}
double Calculator::divide(int a, int b) {
if (b != 0) {
return static_cast<double>(a) / b;
} else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
int main() {
Calculator calc;
// Get input from the user
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
// Perform operations
cout << "Addition: " << calc.add(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Subtraction: " << calc.subtract(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Multiplication: " << calc.multiply(num1, num2) << endl;
cout << "Division: " << calc.divide(num1, num2) << endl;
return 0;
}EXPT 3 - Classes & Objects
Write a Program to Demonstrate Inline functions.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Define a class to demonstrate inline functions
class MathOperations {
public:
// Inline function to calculate the square of a number
inline int square(int num) {
return num * num;
}
// Inline function to calculate the cube of a number
inline int cube(int num) {
return num * num * num;
}
};
int main() {
MathOperations math;
// Get input from the user
int number;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
// Demonstrate the use of inline functions
cout << "Square of " << number << " is: " << math.square(number) << endl;
cout << "Cube of " << number << " is: " << math.cube(number) << endl;
return 0;
}EXPT 4 - Classes & Objects
Write a Program to Demonstrate Friend function, classes and this pointer.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Forward declaration of class
class BankAccount;
// Friend function to compare the balances of two accounts
void compareBalances(const BankAccount& acc1, const BankAccount& acc2);
class BankAccount {
private:
string accountHolderName;
double balance;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the account
BankAccount(string name, double initialBalance) {
this->accountHolderName = name; // Using `this` pointer
this->balance = initialBalance; // Using `this` pointer
}
// Deposit function
void deposit(double amount) {
if (amount > 0) {
this->balance += amount; // Using `this` pointer
cout << accountHolderName << " deposited $" << amount << ". New balance: $" << this->balance << endl;
} else {
cout << "Invalid deposit amount!" << endl;
}
}
// Withdraw function
void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount > 0 && amount <= this->balance) { // Using `this` pointer
this->balance -= amount; // Using `this` pointer
cout << accountHolderName << " withdrew $" << amount << ". New balance: $" << this->balance << endl;
} else {
cout << "Invalid or insufficient funds for withdrawal!" << endl;
}
}
// Grant friend access to compareBalances function
friend void compareBalances(const BankAccount& acc1, const BankAccount& acc2);
};
// Friend function to compare the balances of two accounts
void compareBalances(const BankAccount& acc1, const BankAccount& acc2) {
cout << "Comparing balances between " << acc1.accountHolderName << " and " << acc2.accountHolderName << "..." << endl;
if (acc1.balance > acc2.balance) {
cout << acc1.accountHolderName << " has more money: $" << acc1.balance << endl;
} else if (acc2.balance > acc1.balance) {
cout << acc2.accountHolderName << " has more money: $" << acc2.balance << endl;
} else {
cout << "Both accounts have the same balance: $" << acc1.balance << endl;
}
}
int main() {
// Creating two bank accounts
BankAccount account1("Shivam", 10000000.0);
BankAccount account2("Ashutosh", 11000000.0);
// Perform some transactions
account1.deposit(500.0);
account2.withdraw(200.0);
// Compare balances using the friend function
compareBalances(account1, account2);
return 0;
}EXPT 5 - Constructor & Destructor
Write a program to demonstrate the use of zero argument and parameterized constructors.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {
private:
string name;
int age;
string grade;
public:
// Zero-argument constructor
Student() {
name = "Unknown";
age = 0;
grade = "Not Assigned";
cout << "Zero-argument constructor called: Student created with default values." << endl;
}
// Parameterized constructor
Student(string studentName, int studentAge, string studentGrade) {
name = studentName;
age = studentAge;
grade = studentGrade;
cout << "Parameterized constructor called: Student created with provided values." << endl;
}
// Function to display student details
void displayDetails() {
cout << "Student Details:" << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
cout << "-----------------------------" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create a student using the zero-argument constructor
Student student1;
student1.displayDetails();
// Create a student using the parameterized constructor
Student student2("Ashutosh",18, "12th");
student2.displayDetails();
return 0;
}EXPT 6 - Operator Overloading
Write a program to demonstrate the overloading of increment and decrement operators.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Counter {
private:
int value;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the counter
Counter(int initialValue = 0) : value(initialValue) {}
// Overload the prefix increment operator (++x)
Counter& operator++() {
++value;
return *this;
}
// Overload the postfix increment operator (x++)
Counter operator++(int) {
Counter temp = *this;
value++;
return temp;
}
// Overload the prefix decrement operator (--x)
Counter& operator--() {
--value;
return *this;
}
// Overload the postfix decrement operator (x--)
Counter operator--(int) {
Counter temp = *this;
value--;
return temp;
}
// Function to display the current value of the counter
void display() const {
cout << "Counter Value: " << value << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Counter counter(10); // Initialize counter with value 10
cout << "Initial ";
counter.display();
// Demonstrate prefix increment
++counter;
cout << "After prefix increment (++counter): ";
counter.display();
// Demonstrate postfix increment
counter++;
cout << "After postfix increment (counter++): ";
counter.display();
// Demonstrate prefix decrement
--counter;
cout << "After prefix decrement (--counter): ";
counter.display();
// Demonstrate postfix decrement
counter--;
cout << "After postfix decrement (counter--): ";
counter.display();
return 0;
}EXPT 7 - Inheritance
Write a program to demonstrate the single inheritance.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the Person class
Person(string personName, int personAge) {
name = personName;
age = personAge;
}
// Function to display person details
void displayPersonDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
// Derived class
class Student : public Person {
private:
string schoolName;
string grade;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the Student class
Student(string studentName, int studentAge, string studentSchool, string studentGrade)
: Person(studentName, studentAge) { // Call base class constructor
schoolName = studentSchool;
grade = studentGrade;
}
// Function to display student details
void displayStudentDetails() {
// Display base class details
displayPersonDetails();
// Display derived class details
cout << "School: " << schoolName << endl;
cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create a Student object
Student student("Ashutosh", 18, "Indian School of Life", "12th Grade");
// Display student details
cout << "Student Details:" << endl;
student.displayStudentDetails();
return 0;
}EXPT 8 - Inheritance
Write a program to demonstrate the multiple inheritance.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Base class 1: Person
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
// Constructor to initialize name and age
Person(string personName, int personAge) {
name = personName;
age = personAge;
}
// Function to display basic person details
void displayPersonDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
// Base class 2: AcademicDetails
class AcademicDetails {
protected:
string schoolName;
string grade;
public:
// Constructor to initialize academic details
AcademicDetails(string school, string studentGrade) {
schoolName = school;
grade = studentGrade;
}
// Function to display academic details
void displayAcademicDetails() {
cout << "School: " << schoolName << endl;
cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
}
};
// Derived class: Student
class Student : public Person, public AcademicDetails {
private:
string hobby;
public:
// Constructor to initialize details from both base classes and its own members
Student(string studentName, int studentAge, string school, string studentGrade, string studentHobby)
: Person(studentName, studentAge), AcademicDetails(school, studentGrade) {
hobby = studentHobby;
}
// Function to display student details
void displayStudentDetails() {
// Display details from both base classes
displayPersonDetails();
displayAcademicDetails();
// Display student-specific details
cout << "Hobby: " << hobby << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create a Student object
Student student("Ashutosh", 18, "Indian School of Life", "12th Grade", "Shooting");
// Display all details
cout << "Student Details:" << endl;
student.displayStudentDetails();
return 0;
}EXPT 9 - Inheritance
Write a Program to demonstrate use of protected members, public & private protected classes, multilevel inheritance etc.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Base class: Person
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the Person class
Person(string personName, int personAge) {
name = personName;
age = personAge;
}
// Function to display basic person details
void displayPersonDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
// Derived class 1: Employee (public inheritance)
class Employee : public Person {
protected:
string employeeID;
public:
// Constructor to initialize Employee class and call Person's constructor
Employee(string personName, int personAge, string id)
: Person(personName, personAge) {
employeeID = id;
}
// Function to display employee details
void displayEmployeeDetails() {
// Access protected members of the base class
displayPersonDetails();
cout << "Employee ID: " << employeeID << endl;
}
};
// Derived class 2: Manager (multilevel inheritance from Employee)
class Manager : public Employee {
private:
string department;
public:
// Constructor to initialize Manager class and call Employee's constructor
Manager(string personName, int personAge, string id, string dept)
: Employee(personName, personAge, id) {
department = dept;
}
// Function to display manager details
void displayManagerDetails() {
// Access Employee class members and Person class members through inheritance
displayEmployeeDetails();
cout << "Department: " << department << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create a Manager object (multilevel inheritance)
Manager manager("Shivam", 100, "E12345", "Sniper");
// Display Manager's details
cout << "Manager Details:" << endl;
manager.displayManagerDetails();
return 0;
}EXPT 10 - Polymorphism
Write a program to demonstrate the runtime polymorphism.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath> // For M_PI
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Shape {
public:
// Virtual function to calculate area
virtual double area() const {
return 0.0; // Default implementation (could be overridden by derived classes)
}
// Virtual function to display shape type
virtual void display() const {
cout << "This is a shape." << endl;
}
// Virtual destructor for proper cleanup of derived class objects
virtual ~Shape() {
cout << "Shape destroyed!" << endl;
}
};
// Derived class Circle
class Circle : public Shape {
private:
double radius;
public:
// Constructor
Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}
// Override the area function
double area() const override {
return M_PI * radius * radius; // Area of circle: πr^2
}
// Override the display function
void display() const override {
cout << "This is a circle with radius " << radius << "." << endl;
}
// Destructor
~Circle() {
cout << "Circle destroyed!" << endl;
}
};
// Derived class Rectangle
class Rectangle : public Shape {
private:
double length, width;
public:
// Constructor
Rectangle(double l, double w) : length(l), width(w) {}
// Override the area function
double area() const override {
return length * width; // Area of rectangle: length * width
}
// Override the display function
void display() const override {
cout << "This is a rectangle with length " << length << " and width " << width << "." << endl;
}
// Destructor
~Rectangle() {
cout << "Rectangle destroyed!" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create an array of Shape pointers
Shape* shapes[3];
// Create instances of Circle and Rectangle and store their pointers in the array
shapes[0] = new Circle(5.0); // Circle with radius 5.0
shapes[1] = new Rectangle(4.0, 6.0); // Rectangle with length 4.0 and width 6.0
shapes[2] = new Circle(3.0); // Circle with radius 3.0
// Demonstrate runtime polymorphism
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
shapes[i]->display(); // Call display function (runtime polymorphism)
cout << "Area: " << shapes[i]->area() << endl; // Call area function (runtime polymorphism)
cout << endl;
}
// Cleanup dynamically allocated memory
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
delete shapes[i];
}
return 0;
}EXPT 11 - Exception Handling
Write a program to demonstrate the exception handling.
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept> // For standard exception handling
using namespace std;
// Function to perform division
double divide(double numerator, double denominator) {
if (denominator == 0) {
// Throw an exception if denominator is zero
throw runtime_error("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.");
}
return numerator / denominator;
}
// Function to demonstrate invalid input
int getNumberFromUser() {
int number;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
if (cin.fail()) {
// Throw an exception if input is not an integer
throw invalid_argument("Error: Invalid input, expected an integer.");
}
return number;
}
int main() {
double num1, num2;
try {
// Get two numbers from the user
cout << "Enter the first number: ";
num1 = getNumberFromUser();
cout << "Enter the second number: ";
num2 = getNumberFromUser();
// Perform division
double result = divide(num1, num2);
cout << "The result of " << num1 << " / " << num2 << " is: " << result << endl;
} catch (const runtime_error& e) {
// Catch division by zero error
cout << e.what() << endl;
} catch (const invalid_argument& e) {
// Catch invalid input error
cout << e.what() << endl;
} catch (...) {
// Catch any other exceptions
cout << "An unknown error occurred!" << endl;
}
return 0;
}EXPT 12 - Templates & Generic Programming
Write a program to demonstrate the use of function template.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function template to swap two variables of any data type
template <typename T>
void swapValues(T& a, T& b) {
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main() {
// Demonstrate swap with integers
int x = 5, y = 10;
cout << "Before swap: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swapValues(x, y); // Swap integers
cout << "After swap: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
// Demonstrate swap with doubles
double m = 3.14, n = 2.71;
cout << "Before swap: m = " << m << ", n = " << n << endl;
swapValues(m, n); // Swap doubles
cout << "After swap: m = " << m << ", n = " << n << endl;
// Demonstrate swap with characters
char a = 'A', b = 'B';
cout << "Before swap: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
swapValues(a, b); // Swap characters
cout << "After swap: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
return 0;
}EXPT 13 - Templates & Generic Programming
Write a program to demonstrate the use of class template.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Class template to store a value of any type
template <typename T>
class Container {
private:
T value;
public:
// Constructor to initialize the value
Container(T val) : value(val) {}
// Function to set the value
void setValue(T val) {
value = val;
}
// Function to get the value
T getValue() const {
return value;
}
// Function to display the value
void display() const {
cout << "Value: " << value << endl;
}
};
int main() {
// Create a Container for integer type
Container<int> intContainer(100);
cout << "Integer Container: ";
intContainer.display();
cout << "Getting Value: " << intContainer.getValue() << endl;
// Create a Container for double type
Container<double> doubleContainer(3.14);
cout << "\nDouble Container: ";
doubleContainer.display();
cout << "Getting Value: " << doubleContainer.getValue() << endl;
// Create a Container for string type
Container<string> stringContainer("Hello, Templates!");
cout << "\nString Container: ";
stringContainer.display();
cout << "Getting Value: " << stringContainer.getValue() << endl;
return 0;
}EXPT 14 - File Handling
Write a Program to Show how file management is done in C++.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream> // For file operations (fstream)
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string filename = "example.txt";
// 1. Writing to a file (create a new file)
ofstream outFile(filename); // Opens the file in write mode
if (!outFile) {
cerr << "Error: Could not create the file." << endl;
return 1; // Return if file creation failed
}
outFile << "This is a demonstration of file handling in C++.\n";
outFile << "We can write multiple lines to this file.\n";
outFile << "You're on Vaultscapes Database webpage\n";
outFile.close(); // Close the file after writing
cout << "File created and written successfully.\n";
// 2. Reading from the file
ifstream inFile(filename); // Opens the file in read mode
if (!inFile) {
cerr << "Error: Could not open the file for reading." << endl;
return 1; // Return if file opening for reading failed
}
string line;
cout << "\nReading from the file:\n";
while (getline(inFile, line)) {
cout << line << endl; // Display each line read from the file
}
inFile.close(); // Close the file after reading
// 3. Appending to the file
ofstream appendFile(filename, ios::app); // Opens the file in append mode
if (!appendFile) {
cerr << "Error: Could not open the file for appending." << endl;
return 1; // Return if file opening for appending failed
}
appendFile << "This is an additional line appended to the file.\n";
appendFile << "Appending data to a file is useful for adding information later.\n";
appendFile.close(); // Close the file after appending
cout << "\nData appended to the file successfully.\n";
// 4. Reading the file after appending
inFile.open(filename); // Re-open the file for reading after appending
if (!inFile) {
cerr << "Error: Could not open the file for reading after appending." << endl;
return 1; // Return if file opening for reading failed
}
cout << "\nReading the file after appending:\n";
while (getline(inFile, line)) {
cout << line << endl; // Display each line read from the file
}
inFile.close(); // Close the file after reading
return 0;
}Assignment Questions
[⤓] [PDF] Assignment-CSE224-Btech
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